Post by Admin on Dec 13, 2015 10:26:10 GMT -7
The original PDF is not in English, so I will translate it below to English:
Written by Jose Antonio Marina, this book talks about the excitement and the feeling of fear.
Fear is the emotion that triggers instinctive defense mechanism inducing survival behaviors. Depending on the circumstances of the environment and genetic adaptation of the individual to it, you could define three behaviors survival induced by fear.
Fear is regarded as one of the primary emotions, product of the evolution of life. In the animal kingdom, all living beings develop a defense mechanism against the dangers they face in their environment. In a Nature in which every living being is food for another, relations of predation and defense becomes more important to survive. Fear is the emotion that triggers instinctive defense mechanism inducing survival behaviors in the presence of the predator.
The French biologist, Henri Laborit, these innate mechanisms thoroughly investigated and concluded that, depending on the circumstances of the environment and genetic adaptation of the individual to it, you could define three behaviors survival induced by fear:
1. The most widespread and used by almost all animal species is the flight. In the presence of the predator, the first reaction of any animal is run. Some animal species only use this behavior (eg gazelles) and its anatomy is adapted to sprinting.
2. When circumstances prevent the escape of the medium (in a zone end, before a precipice, etc.) Many animals react to the behavior of turning against the predator and face. It is what makes the boar when I beset by a pack of dogs. But to do so, the animal must have its anatomy adapted for violent confrontation, if not, your instinctive programming lacks this resource.
3. Other animals when in the presence of the predator, they fail to flee or attack behavior often use camouflage or play dead, in order to confuse the predator and desist from pursuit. It is what makes the hare, sticking to the ground, reducing their vital signs to a minimum, trying to confuse him for the eagle (natural predator) not found. Some animals have this behavior as the only
They use to defend themselves, like the chameleon.
The emotion of fear in animals is thus an essential element of their survival instincts and evolution has been refined as a positive emotion to the individual's life. The main features of animal fear are:
1. It is an innate response reflects high intensity and short duration. When the danger has passed, the animal is relaxed and continues normal life, but always maintains a consistent tone of alert and vigilance.
2. Given the possible presence of the predator, fear serves the animal to assess the situation and induce a defensive action of escape, attack or camouflage.
Humans have inherited phylogenetically the emotion of fear for thousands of years and use it with the same functions as any other animal. However, low specialization of our cognitive development at the time of birth and overcoming the instinctive reflex framework by learning introduced a number of important elements that changed our emotions and their functions. One was the presence of natural phenomena that caused fear to humans despite not endanger him. Phenomena such as those produced by storms, thunder, lightning, seismic tremors, the rough sea with strong waves, caused fear reactions in humans, not understanding the causes of these phenomena tended to give a magical explanation , considering products of supernatural forces.
His budding creative intelligence that was not limited by the routine of instincts and stiffness of reflex responses, seeking causes and explanations and solutions imagined, becoming unreal realities invented by his imagination. It creates a situation for a long period of internal evolution of the human species may be called & ldquo; & rdquo Stage Magic; because in any situation that would cause them to fear, besides the instinctive reactions run, attack, or hide, humans began to invent a supernatural world they belonged all elements causing fear: Animals predators, natural disasters, etc.
Fear was gradually ceasing to be exclusively an emotion reflects high intensity and short duration, to also become a stable feeling low but long lasting tone. This feeling becomes part of building character and personality, leading to fearful, shy, timid, anxiogenic people, whose main personality trait is the permanent tension of fear dealing with relations with the media. When this basic feeling of fear becomes obsessive, preventing a normal life, there is the pathological passion, long duration and high intensity, fear becomes paranoid terror and the sick person is disabled and lives to live self-controlled manner and autonomous.
This emotion, naturally occurring as beneficial and positive for the human being, becoming negative feelings and destructive passion, become a factor of great importance to the development of mankind and has been influential in buildings social and mental health of humans. One of the threads that twisted the story is the continuing effort to get rid of fear, a constant search for security and par impure desire to dominate others terrorizing. Hobbes discovered that fear is the origin of the state, Machiavelli taught the prince who had to use fear to govern.
As we have seen, the fear is at the origin of religions, which protect against it, while using it without truce or decorum. There has not been enough to protect human beings with fear resign or run, like animals, responses to fear prefixed by Nature: the flight, attack or immobility. He wanted to overcome fear, act like you do not have, and for that, he has created a new emotion, value, that is, maintain the grace, ease, lightness, being under pressure. Who would not want to be brave?We would feel so free if we were not so scared!
Fear is a feeling and feelings like all have common features are these:
1. They are a conscious balance of our situation (evaluation function) They tell us how we are doing things. If we perceive a danger that threatens our desires, we live it as fear.
2. They are encrypted experiences because although experience is very clear (I have no doubt when I have fear or not) is not so clear about the meaning of that experience. Many fears do not know where they come from or what we have felt. Anxiety is widespread fear without object.
3. Are transactional phenomena, where circular gives us difficult to understand, because we are used to linear thinking in which the cause is followed causality effect. However, this effect can become cause and vice versa. When we say that fear is the emotional reaction to danger it may be that the danger is true (which usually occurs in animals) or the fearful subject himself see dangers where none exist (which usually happens to many human) A person shy sees dangers in situations where others do not see.
4. They are initiators of a new trend, we mobilize and push for action. Fear triggers the mechanisms of escape or attack or camouflage. The feelings are directly related to the action.
Fear is a single but contagious emotion, that is, social. The contagion of fear allows us to speak of & ldquo; & rdquo family;, fears that afflict a family, and & ldquo; social & rdquo;, fears afflicting an entire society at certain times in its history. The terrors of the millennium, the fears caused by the plague, the coming end of the world, are examples. Another variant of social fears are the fears that are common to a society under certain social prejudices. Terrors are based on beliefs, superstitions and shared information, for example, fear of women in the Christian religion or the fear of failure in the competitive American society.
Christophe André suggested in one of his books creating & ldquo; a school of fear & rdquo; that met the same services that perform calls schools asthma or diabetes: dramatize, stigmatize, inform and explain the problem. We can not eliminate the passions but we must understand them, penetrate them, make them happen to be passions to be affections. For Spinoza, natural energies are available to anyone who knows educate. It explained that fear produces a triple narrowing of consciousness:
1. BODY: Only the body is experienced as an oppressive experience. A concern that the words & ldquo; & rdquo distress; or & ldquo; & rdquo grief; indicating narrowing, inability to breathe with amplitude.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL: The world just looks like a place of threats. A wrong interpretation system perceived as dangerous neutral stimulus imposed.
3. BEHAVIOR: All energies are focused on one goal: to be on high alert, ready to flee or perform rituals momentarily releasing anxiety.
The fight against pathological fear involves broadening these three visions tunnel, body, psychological and behavioral.
It consists unleash the & ldquo; stomach knotted & ldquo; with relaxation, mood amplification, appeasement of tensions and release of attention.
To define and delimit the fear, we must start from an emotional trait we call anxiety, restlessness, agitation, nervousness, which is shared by various emotions. If this feature is nice affective results excitement. If it is unpleasant, leading to anxiety and if it has no known cause, we say we have trouble, but if we know the cause then we say that we are afraid.
Fear, besides being an emotional reaction to the stimulus of a real or imagined danger, can also be used as a strategy of domination. Who can arouse fear appropriates to some extent on the will of the victim. All this closely relates to the capacity to frighten, so the fear is used in all the human relationships in which the desire for power is present. There are several ways to instill fear:
1. THE THREAT: The action or words that you try to instill fear in another person. A threat demonstrates the ability of a person or institution to do harm. The highway code threatening a fine if you break the rules. Professor threatens a suspense who do not test well. The father threatens her
leave no child out to play if he does homework. The threat may be legitimate if it aims at preventing a failure or undesired behavior. When the object is legitimate but not criminal, then blackmail or extortion, performed as a terrorist group threatening to kill those who do not fulfill their orders occurs.
2. THE SUSPENSION OF REWARD: It is a form of punishment but allows other different strategies. It appears in addictive relationships, whether with drugs or people. It is often used in relationships, in sects or terrorism.
3. THE BULLYING: A specific form of instilling fear, both for the youth of those involved, such as the process develops. It is typical of a gender culture that encourages dating violence and macho stereotypes. So be strong and competitive and is well seen to be weak and cooperative does not look good. The victim of bullying, also fear the threats that make you, feel impeded by the very shame to not make the cut, you can not turn to adults (be sneak), he feels guilty for being weak, etc.
4. THE MASKS OF FURY: In the presence of the predator, fear is associated with the fury develop other behaviors to intimidate and induce him to give up his prey. There are thousands of defensive displays in the animal kingdom: increase the size, plumage bulge, spread the wings, curled hair, bristling spines, baring teeth, hooves hitting, etc. In humans also we have examples in the initial rites before
going into battle, in military uniforms, in the garb of urban youth gangs, etc. whose purpose is to intimidate others.
5. CLOSE OUTS: Many animals feel panic to be locked. The feeling of being trapped, produces crazy escape reactions, which can even kill. Hope is an antidote to fear, so when the outlets are closed and the feeling of helplessness is generated, the fear becomes hopeless terror. Michael Sandel identifies two fears that define the era of anxiety in which we live: & ldquo; One is the fear that, individually or collectively, we are losing control of the forces that govern our lives. The other is the feeling that, from the family and the neighborhood to the nation, the moral fabric of the community is disintegrating around our & rdquo ;.
6. ISOLATION: In the animal world, hunters try to isolate their prey or find lonely prey. The group is the great defense. In humans it is the same, so it is easy to understand that all dictatorships nullify the exercise of the right of assembly. In studies of gender violence it shows that violent tactics is to isolate the victim, forcing her to break ties with family, negating their ability to communicate with others, thwarting the potential social supports that could help her.
7. EMOTIONS HANDLERS: Some people with special ability to manipulate the feelings of others. Intimidate gently, subtly. Flattery can become a history of shame. Others are very good at generating feelings of guilt or pity or love dangerous dependency. Every person is an affective seductive manipulator.
8. HIDDEN POWERS, taboos: The fear of ghosts, spirits from beyond, occult powers awakens ancestral fears. Any acceptance of occult powers is a mechanism of induction of fear. A history of the terrors of humanity would have to include the copious phenomenology of appearances, which is the survival of ancestral fears the dead. The struggle of the Enlightenment against superstition was also a fight against fear. Had initiated the Greek philosophers, but without much success, nor the one nor the other, as demonstrated by the survival and promoting the same in our day, through film genres, TV series, genre literature, etc. . Superstitions and taboos, like witches, are in excellent health in postmodernism.
9. REVERENTIAL FEAR: religion, majesty and honor lie in fear. The prototype is the patriarchal authority which gave rise to a structure of fear particularly complex: The awe of authority. The construct of authority is an inducer of obedience mechanism and, therefore, is a mechanism of power. To strengthen this authority it has been pursued throughout the centuries many procedures mainly protect with taboos or giving it a sacral aura.
10. USE politics of fear: If fear is one of the levers of power, political power, which is the quintessence of power, must know how to use. This has happened throughout the history of mankind and one of the greatest potential virtues of democracy is to be an efficient quencher of this mechanism. And I say & ldquo; & rdquo potential; because even the perfect democracy that prevents the manipulation of power and the use of fear on the part of political elites is not known. Politicians have used and used often fear to unify and galvanize a nation. Did Hitler, Stalin, Franco, and do Bush, Blair and Aznar. Fear and hatred are fast cements. Conspiracies, powerful enemies, real or fictitious threats bind much. There is also a known sociological law that when a society is afraid, aims to have a strong arm to save her and is willing to trade freedom for security.
Changing aspect, we see that fear is the anticipation of danger, but there is nothing that is a hazard in itself, but that all hazards are dangers-to-one. As we have seen, there are fears & ldquo; normal & rdquo; and pathological fears. In the first, there are fears dangers are obvious: The fear of death, illness, loss of a loved one, physical pain, financial ruin, are feelings of fear need no explanation. Others, however, are more complex:
1. Fear of violent scenes: There are people with a special sensitivity to stressful situations, the fights, the discussions, gestures or expressions of anger. For them, are especially aversive experiences
they produce a huge concern and that, therefore, fear. Typically, this aversion has been learned and learned fear often causes dysfunctional behavior. Often the case with children and couples who merely functional communication is established by the fear of speaking some.
2. THE FEAR OF CONFLICT: The understandable fear of violent arguments, some people can be extended to any disputes or situations which may constitute emotional conflicts, as in the case of hypochondria, decision-making, in the confrontation Novelty. People who prefer not to know before tackling something. They prefer to die before going to the doctor, or prefer to leave everything for tomorrow before making a decision, or rather appear as vague before doing anything. Fear of novelty, to change, to the unexpected, terrorizing more people than we might seem. The fears of these people are rooted in a distrust of their own ability to make correct decisions, they fear wrong. Sometimes, they fear losing serenity, tranquility, comfort. Sometimes simply they fear grow and face life as Peter Pan.
3. FEAR TO BOREDOM: The absence of stimuli can be experienced as punishment. Boredom is etymologically an aversive and can generate passion in some people an & ldquo; & rdquo thirst for experiences; or & ldquo; & rdquo strong emotions; to remove them from the state of lethargy. The compulsive search for entertainment, drugs, extreme sports, can be rituals relieve discomfort of boredom but with intentional consequences, even death. As a French satirist said: The English hang to hang.
4. The fear of loneliness: Man, whose most numerous fears come from the company, deeply fears loneliness. We can talk about emotionally dependent people who constantly need the proximity of someone, the emotional relationship with another person. They feel it is better to be alone than in bad company and for that support all kinds of humiliation, subjugation and maltreatment.
5. FEAR THE SINKING OF CULTURE: Culture is a source of security. The stability of customs, social class, beliefs, reassuring. But we are in accelerated times, arise prophets of global disaster and many people fear losing their world, their identity, their culture. The two greatest fears of humanity are death and chaos. The rise of fundamentalism and modern fundamentalism is caused by the fear of chaos.
6. FEAR take a stand: A fear of being firm to maintain their own ideas, express feelings or needs and claim rights. Refuse something to someone, claiming a debt, express a disagreement, protest to a trader. A frequent case is afraid to say & ldquo; No & rdquo; and other difficulties
saying & ldquo; & rdquo ;, bye to end a relationship. These fears to assert or impose or defend one's rights, can have three causes: 1) Fear of response from the other person. 2) The fear of not knowing what
responding to the other's response. 3) The fear of letting the other person.
7. THE TERRIBLE SHAME: It's a terrible feeling, which affects the deeper layers of the Self, which scrapped the mood. One can literally die of shame. The shame stems from the need to protect our social self, that is, the image we give to others, through which we aim to achieve recognition and acceptance. Often, shame encourages concealment, secrecy and lies. When we imagine a certain event and feel ashamed, we do not mean a real shame, but anticipated. It is a feeling & ldquo; a priori & rdquo; which prevents us from making decisions, as well as guilt is a feeling & ldquo; & rdquo post; that we feel after we wrong.
Let's see pathological fears. A normal fear becomes pathological when its trigger does not justify the intensity of feeling, occurs too often, it stays for a long time, and decreases the ability of the person to live and cope with the situation. It should be noted that a person suffering from a pathological fear is not insane or crazy or mentally deficient. Psychiatry usually study and treat pathological six types of fears:
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Anxiety is a fear without object. It is a permanent anxiety about a vague threat. The whole reality becomes significant threat. The nature of the matrix
anguish inevitably associated with other mood disorder such as depression, phobias, disorders related to substance abuse, problems related to body image as
anorexia and bulimia, or with somatic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or headaches. In the genesis of anxiety
the influence of a vulnerable temperament, negative affect, neuroticism, ie, biological components favoring the propensity to interpret neutral signals is recognized as hazardous. Hence a state of permanent alert stems, attention narrows, dysfunctional beliefs, catastrophic ideas and often an exacerbation of the sense of responsibility and guilt appear.
The trouble starts avoidance programs but cognitive nature: Think much but acts little. Chews its cud like a cow fears the grass but the difference is that anxiety never digested his concerns but that regurgitated over and over again. One of the characteristics is anxious thoughts that lead nowhere but move in a circle. It produces anguish and worry endlessly when no reasons are found. It is an encapsulated absolutely invulnerable routine reasoning. There are beliefs that favor the distressing thought exacerbated responsibility, perfectionism, the belief in one's own powerlessness, a belief in the uncontrollability and unpredictability of events.
2. The anguish of sense: it is an experience of the absurd, of finitude and insignificance. Existentialist philosophy put the fear of the absurd in the spotlight of popularity. They talk about the search for meaning in life and, therefore, is an anxiety that perhaps we should listen instead of trying to eliminate it. The great spiritual teachers are in this boost their basic concern.
3. The panic and fear to panic: This is the most violent fear, which makes the victim feel that you are about to die or go mad. It is an abrupt outbreak of anxiety or panic attacks. In the panic, the subject experiences a great fear, so unpleasant that, from the first attack, his biggest fear is having an attack of fear. The central mechanism of panic is the interpretation by the subject of bodily sensations. Panic may be considered a & ldquo; & rdquo phobia; triggered by bodily manifestations.
4. Specific phobias: They are related to the possible danger or a feeling of disgust, an aversive feeling that is not strictly afraid because I experienced the phobic stimulus but not really dangerous. The more severe the agoraphobia (fear of open spaces and meeting people), followed by claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces, elevators, airplanes, theaters) Animals provide a number of cases. The triggers of these phobias are so numerous that they could write an encyclopedia detallándolos.
5. Hypochondria: Normal health concern may be excessive and become exaggerated attention to the body, which is subjected to a continuous screening using magnifying lenses catastrophic prepared for symptoms. Hypochondria is related to other psychological disorders especially anxiety and depression and a heightened ability to perceive problems. The hypochondriac feels a passion organized around the body, your pain, an apparent delight in displaying their suffering and the thoroughness with which recites his symptoms. Therefore, psychoanalysis links it to narcissism.
6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: The presence of intrusive thoughts is given in distress and all his family. But obsessive become the core of the problem. They are thoughts, feelings and recurring images that hijack attention. The victim is in a paradoxical situation, because he knows that those ideas come from him, but does not consider theirs. In addition, these recurring thoughts accompanied
compulsions, that is, repetitive behaviors, strictly regulated, you have to perform if you want freedom from anxiety. These rituals do not usually have nothing to do with the original concern. This produces an escalation of anxiety produced by thoughts that you have no control of himself, can hurt other people, fear of dirt, disease, accidents, fire, theft, throwing valuables who spend all their time performing rituals to combat it: cleansing rituals, repetition, checking, accumulation.
7. PTSD: The last category is usually included in disorders of fear. This is the case where the external ingredients precedence over domestic. The subject has an extraordinarily painful or disturbing experience, as soldiers exposed to combat child abuse, battered women raped or victims of criminal violence or terrorism. The characteristic of this disorder is that the victim re-experiences the past events and is subject to a hyperactivation of all its behavior and psychological processes of avoidance or numbing. Retrospective lives in permanent fear.
8. SOCIAL PHOBIA: Of all the fears, undoubtedly the most common is the fear of our neighbors.
We are social beings and took the other within us, as a component of our being. In the employed or looking ahead to his imaginary all manifestations of an anxiety attack can occur. Shyness is a trait of character. It is defined by a marked tendency to avoid social contact with strangers, avoid the initiative in the social field remain silent in meetings, feel difficulty to look into his eyes and a big shame in talking about emotions.
We are talking about a type of social anxiety that makes the lives of people and condemns them to live in solitude and retreat. Only when it reaches unbearable degrees of distress and disabling it when we entered the pathology and talk about & ldquo; & rdquo social phobia; . Specialists usually distinguish two kinds of shyness: Fearful shyness novelty of social situations and the interference of others in one's life, self-conscious and shy when the subject becomes in focus and fears being poorly evaluated. The difference between being just shy and have social phobia is that the former are not resigned to his shyness and make decisions to reduce or combat. So there are many prominent in professions with high public who confess shy people. The latter however, shyness can invalidate them and to lead a normal life. What characterizes social phobia is the intensity of the emotions it arouses. The proximity of the feared situation can cause real panic.
NINE TIPS TO FACE FEARS:
1. Distinguish fears friend from foe fears: Friends warn you of the danger to get rid of it, not to deliver on your hands.
2. You are not your fear: One of the most insidious wiles used by the fear that we are with him and we are ashamed. This condemns us to silence, secrecy and prevents us from seeking help. Fears are something we support as any disease. You have to ask respect for your fears as your other ailments.
3. You must declare war on fear enemies who have invaded your privacy: We must take an active stance. You have to maintain the emphasis on action as is characteristic of the behavioral approach to clinical problems.
4. You need to know your enemy and his allies must know the strategies of fear, the circumstances in which prefers to attack, not to mention that is a transactional phenomenon arising from the interaction between a subjective factor & ndash; you- and a factor goal & ndash; your circumstance-the enemy is, therefore, outside and within. Within you are the false beliefs that feed it, the fear of effort and intoxication of comfort. How many things have given plenipotentiary powers over your life, that is, how little things have become indispensable ?!
5. You can not collaborate with the enemy: Fear is invasive and tends to corrupt the overrun. You can grab the whole consciousness of the subject, alter their relationships. It is therefore necessary to isolate yourself in your mental dynamism. Do not try to justify it.
6. You need to strengthen you: The solution to combat fear is to reduce the risk or increase the personal resources. First, you have to prepare your body for battle. Fear emerge biology, but is not reduced to it. This demonstrated that physical exercise is an antidote to anxiety. It increases exercise tolerance.
7. Háblate as if you were your coach: The way we talk to ourselves and the influence it has on our mood intimate with the Other allows us not to talk or access to the sources of our energy. The coaches are well aware that the athlete should be encouraged to yourself before you leap.
8. weakens your enemy criticizes the beliefs on which it is based. Unmasks his plays bluff. Mock him. Develop a sense of humor to turn it off. Take advantage of everything you know to hurt. And you know two things, however: First, that techniques to discredit the dangerous stimulus are imaginary or actual desensitization. Gradually exposed live or image. Second, that erroneous beliefs are the Trojan horse that uses fear to enter into you. We must identify those beliefs, criticize, discuss, and corner them, when they are sufficiently weakened, giving them a kick in the ass and replace them with suitable living beliefs.
9. Look good allies fear is difficult to fight alone. And if fear is pathological, impossible. Seek advice and help from competent people. If you have such luck, looking for anyone who can give you encouragement when you're discouraged. The emotional support networks are the best solution to many of our problems, including fear.
APPEARS bravery:
Above all, we must distinguish between being afraid and being a coward, because they are phenomena that belong to different levels. Fear is an emotion, cowardice is a behavior. And we can only identify them if we say that between emotion and action there is no middleman, if we accept that desire inevitably leads to the act, that is, if we deny freedom.
Speaking of courage we moved into a different level of psychological, as well as to speak of mathematics. The picture is as follows: The human being is afraid and psychologically responds to fear with very close mechanisms that use animals: escape, attack, immobility and submission. Biologically, fear no problem. But humans we are not comfortable in these very contrasted routines. The human being wants to live above fear. He knows he can not eliminate it without falling into madness or insensitivity, but wants to act in spite of it.
Here our paradoxical nature is revealed: we can not live without our feelings guide us, but we will not live at the mercy of our feelings. To resolve this contradiction, intelligence has, in addition to consultations psi invented moral lifestyles, those who did not come without feelings, but regulated by feelings of creative intelligence, one of whose inventions is ethics. Courage, then, moves in the field of creative intelligence that aims to overcome our animal nature, to dance on our own shoulders. Ours is to aspire to a life that before exist in reality, exists only in our minds.
Through history, the courage has been invented in different ways, giving different meanings: First it was attributed to the behavior of the warrior in battle, then, it was considered that not only happens in war, but in all situations we face the hard, be a danger, adversity or difficult that requires effort. It not brave who faces if further obstacle but which faces animated by reason looking good.
The value has two components: attack and resist. The virtue is practiced is to act courageously strength. At first, well what made the brave, brave now who does good. An act of courage not if it is not done with integrity, strength and loyalty. Courage is the act of undertaking higher things, accompanied by the determination to pursue them and finish them. We have clearly entered the realm of creative activity. Courage is the virtue of the start, while Fidelity is the virtue of below. But this permanence must be founded on a continuous act of courage, loyalty can be defined as an enduring courage.
The lexicon of courage and cowardice is very rich and very precise, and carefully separates the true and false faces of courage. The unmasking of the false angers gives the following results:
1. One thing is the value and another to have no fear: You can not call courageous who is not afraid. The fearless, who does not perceive the danger, is a madman or insensible. Psychopathic personalities rarely feel fear. The value is the science of what to fear and what not to fear. The peculiarity of courage is to overcome a difficulty. Only brave looking face to face danger, fear, but without flinching.
2. One thing is the courage and bravery another: There are quarrelsome, violent, aggressive people, who enjoy fighting, but are not valiant. The thrill seekers do not have to be brave but foolhardy. For Aristotle, courage is the golden mean between cowardice and recklessness.
3. One thing is value and a fury: fury (anger) is an emotion that drives against something that hinders our way and may become aggressive. But both remain at the level of passions, do not reach the level of courage. It would be a contradiction to say that all violence is brave.
4. Courage is not submission to a greater fear: Who in the war attack because it fears a punishment for treason or dishonor or shame, not a brave, because it remains under the reign of fear. The same goes for religious acts heroically for fear of eternal fire. Or rushing action for fear of what people say.
5. It is not bravery drunkenness: it is not facing the danger inflamed by alcohol or other drugs, because courage requires lucidity.
Taking advantage of all this, I will propose a very simple definition of value: Brave is he whom the difficulty or effort not prevent you undertake something right or valuable, or do you leave midway purpose. Thus it acts despite the difficulties and guiding action for justice, which is the ultimate criterion of courage.
The pairing of freedom with courage, their similarities are not accidental. Courage is freedom in action. Where there is an act of freedom, there is an act of courage. But we must distinguish between natural and ethical freedom and courage. Natural are those arising from the emotional confrontation to adversity while ethical concern
behaviors directed to the good, to justice. To speak of freedom, then, we are talking about a project
lit by human intelligence, built step by step, like a tenacious training, which has been a joint and slow creation of mankind. Individual freedom is a social creation. Only from outside has taught us to turn our desires above our behavior, which is the only natural direction system with which we are born. Freedom is liberation from what enslaves us the courage and allows freedom to act. That is why the virtue of beginning.
The essence of courage is the essence of free behavior. We share with animals the basic emotions, but the creative intelligence introduces a radical change in our emotional life, because it allows us to direct action by experienced values and designed values. Lived values are those given in an emotional experience,
which I find myself involved, affecting my life goals. The desirable value of a stock is perceived in the desire and the pleasure is confirmed, friendly value is experienced in love, provided obstacle exists in impotence or anger, danger lives in fear. They are natural insights of value that will automatically activate the mechanisms of action. Designed values are produced by intelligence.
Fear drives us to follow their dictates, Courage makes us submit to a trial that feeling of intelligence and whether any fundamental value is at risk, decides to act in spite of fear and against fear. Courage is thus an ethical act and not merely a psychological mechanism. Courage enables us to undertake and maintain large company to dignify our nature. We are cowards beings who aspire to be brave and that's really about ethics education, to prepare for the right courage. Courage is the virtue takeoff, because we spend Orb nature, subject to the rules of force, the orb of dignity, which is done and that should be governed by the regime of dignity. Courage is the virtue of fidelity to the project because it allows us to persevere
in spite of everything. To fulfill these functions, I transfigure my natural powers ethical powers, the fierceness in value, the selfish reason shared reason.
& ldquo; At this point in my life, I've become an expert on fear. I've lived, I've studied and I dreamed of courage as others dream of power, wealth or health. Of all the human emotions & ndash bitter heart, and they are many great family of anxiety, shyness, anxiety, terror, vulnerability, it is what has worried me, and experience tells me that it is not rarity of mine & rdquo;
(José Antonio Marina, & ldquo; & rdquo fear anatomy;, Ed Anagram, Barcelona, 2006.)
Source: www.lazoblanco.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08manual/bibliog/material_masculinidades_0078.pdf
^^ It's in Spanish.
Written by Jose Antonio Marina, this book talks about the excitement and the feeling of fear.
Fear is the emotion that triggers instinctive defense mechanism inducing survival behaviors. Depending on the circumstances of the environment and genetic adaptation of the individual to it, you could define three behaviors survival induced by fear.
Fear is regarded as one of the primary emotions, product of the evolution of life. In the animal kingdom, all living beings develop a defense mechanism against the dangers they face in their environment. In a Nature in which every living being is food for another, relations of predation and defense becomes more important to survive. Fear is the emotion that triggers instinctive defense mechanism inducing survival behaviors in the presence of the predator.
The French biologist, Henri Laborit, these innate mechanisms thoroughly investigated and concluded that, depending on the circumstances of the environment and genetic adaptation of the individual to it, you could define three behaviors survival induced by fear:
1. The most widespread and used by almost all animal species is the flight. In the presence of the predator, the first reaction of any animal is run. Some animal species only use this behavior (eg gazelles) and its anatomy is adapted to sprinting.
2. When circumstances prevent the escape of the medium (in a zone end, before a precipice, etc.) Many animals react to the behavior of turning against the predator and face. It is what makes the boar when I beset by a pack of dogs. But to do so, the animal must have its anatomy adapted for violent confrontation, if not, your instinctive programming lacks this resource.
3. Other animals when in the presence of the predator, they fail to flee or attack behavior often use camouflage or play dead, in order to confuse the predator and desist from pursuit. It is what makes the hare, sticking to the ground, reducing their vital signs to a minimum, trying to confuse him for the eagle (natural predator) not found. Some animals have this behavior as the only
They use to defend themselves, like the chameleon.
The emotion of fear in animals is thus an essential element of their survival instincts and evolution has been refined as a positive emotion to the individual's life. The main features of animal fear are:
1. It is an innate response reflects high intensity and short duration. When the danger has passed, the animal is relaxed and continues normal life, but always maintains a consistent tone of alert and vigilance.
2. Given the possible presence of the predator, fear serves the animal to assess the situation and induce a defensive action of escape, attack or camouflage.
Humans have inherited phylogenetically the emotion of fear for thousands of years and use it with the same functions as any other animal. However, low specialization of our cognitive development at the time of birth and overcoming the instinctive reflex framework by learning introduced a number of important elements that changed our emotions and their functions. One was the presence of natural phenomena that caused fear to humans despite not endanger him. Phenomena such as those produced by storms, thunder, lightning, seismic tremors, the rough sea with strong waves, caused fear reactions in humans, not understanding the causes of these phenomena tended to give a magical explanation , considering products of supernatural forces.
His budding creative intelligence that was not limited by the routine of instincts and stiffness of reflex responses, seeking causes and explanations and solutions imagined, becoming unreal realities invented by his imagination. It creates a situation for a long period of internal evolution of the human species may be called & ldquo; & rdquo Stage Magic; because in any situation that would cause them to fear, besides the instinctive reactions run, attack, or hide, humans began to invent a supernatural world they belonged all elements causing fear: Animals predators, natural disasters, etc.
Fear was gradually ceasing to be exclusively an emotion reflects high intensity and short duration, to also become a stable feeling low but long lasting tone. This feeling becomes part of building character and personality, leading to fearful, shy, timid, anxiogenic people, whose main personality trait is the permanent tension of fear dealing with relations with the media. When this basic feeling of fear becomes obsessive, preventing a normal life, there is the pathological passion, long duration and high intensity, fear becomes paranoid terror and the sick person is disabled and lives to live self-controlled manner and autonomous.
This emotion, naturally occurring as beneficial and positive for the human being, becoming negative feelings and destructive passion, become a factor of great importance to the development of mankind and has been influential in buildings social and mental health of humans. One of the threads that twisted the story is the continuing effort to get rid of fear, a constant search for security and par impure desire to dominate others terrorizing. Hobbes discovered that fear is the origin of the state, Machiavelli taught the prince who had to use fear to govern.
As we have seen, the fear is at the origin of religions, which protect against it, while using it without truce or decorum. There has not been enough to protect human beings with fear resign or run, like animals, responses to fear prefixed by Nature: the flight, attack or immobility. He wanted to overcome fear, act like you do not have, and for that, he has created a new emotion, value, that is, maintain the grace, ease, lightness, being under pressure. Who would not want to be brave?We would feel so free if we were not so scared!
Fear is a feeling and feelings like all have common features are these:
1. They are a conscious balance of our situation (evaluation function) They tell us how we are doing things. If we perceive a danger that threatens our desires, we live it as fear.
2. They are encrypted experiences because although experience is very clear (I have no doubt when I have fear or not) is not so clear about the meaning of that experience. Many fears do not know where they come from or what we have felt. Anxiety is widespread fear without object.
3. Are transactional phenomena, where circular gives us difficult to understand, because we are used to linear thinking in which the cause is followed causality effect. However, this effect can become cause and vice versa. When we say that fear is the emotional reaction to danger it may be that the danger is true (which usually occurs in animals) or the fearful subject himself see dangers where none exist (which usually happens to many human) A person shy sees dangers in situations where others do not see.
4. They are initiators of a new trend, we mobilize and push for action. Fear triggers the mechanisms of escape or attack or camouflage. The feelings are directly related to the action.
Fear is a single but contagious emotion, that is, social. The contagion of fear allows us to speak of & ldquo; & rdquo family;, fears that afflict a family, and & ldquo; social & rdquo;, fears afflicting an entire society at certain times in its history. The terrors of the millennium, the fears caused by the plague, the coming end of the world, are examples. Another variant of social fears are the fears that are common to a society under certain social prejudices. Terrors are based on beliefs, superstitions and shared information, for example, fear of women in the Christian religion or the fear of failure in the competitive American society.
Christophe André suggested in one of his books creating & ldquo; a school of fear & rdquo; that met the same services that perform calls schools asthma or diabetes: dramatize, stigmatize, inform and explain the problem. We can not eliminate the passions but we must understand them, penetrate them, make them happen to be passions to be affections. For Spinoza, natural energies are available to anyone who knows educate. It explained that fear produces a triple narrowing of consciousness:
1. BODY: Only the body is experienced as an oppressive experience. A concern that the words & ldquo; & rdquo distress; or & ldquo; & rdquo grief; indicating narrowing, inability to breathe with amplitude.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL: The world just looks like a place of threats. A wrong interpretation system perceived as dangerous neutral stimulus imposed.
3. BEHAVIOR: All energies are focused on one goal: to be on high alert, ready to flee or perform rituals momentarily releasing anxiety.
The fight against pathological fear involves broadening these three visions tunnel, body, psychological and behavioral.
It consists unleash the & ldquo; stomach knotted & ldquo; with relaxation, mood amplification, appeasement of tensions and release of attention.
To define and delimit the fear, we must start from an emotional trait we call anxiety, restlessness, agitation, nervousness, which is shared by various emotions. If this feature is nice affective results excitement. If it is unpleasant, leading to anxiety and if it has no known cause, we say we have trouble, but if we know the cause then we say that we are afraid.
Fear, besides being an emotional reaction to the stimulus of a real or imagined danger, can also be used as a strategy of domination. Who can arouse fear appropriates to some extent on the will of the victim. All this closely relates to the capacity to frighten, so the fear is used in all the human relationships in which the desire for power is present. There are several ways to instill fear:
1. THE THREAT: The action or words that you try to instill fear in another person. A threat demonstrates the ability of a person or institution to do harm. The highway code threatening a fine if you break the rules. Professor threatens a suspense who do not test well. The father threatens her
leave no child out to play if he does homework. The threat may be legitimate if it aims at preventing a failure or undesired behavior. When the object is legitimate but not criminal, then blackmail or extortion, performed as a terrorist group threatening to kill those who do not fulfill their orders occurs.
2. THE SUSPENSION OF REWARD: It is a form of punishment but allows other different strategies. It appears in addictive relationships, whether with drugs or people. It is often used in relationships, in sects or terrorism.
3. THE BULLYING: A specific form of instilling fear, both for the youth of those involved, such as the process develops. It is typical of a gender culture that encourages dating violence and macho stereotypes. So be strong and competitive and is well seen to be weak and cooperative does not look good. The victim of bullying, also fear the threats that make you, feel impeded by the very shame to not make the cut, you can not turn to adults (be sneak), he feels guilty for being weak, etc.
4. THE MASKS OF FURY: In the presence of the predator, fear is associated with the fury develop other behaviors to intimidate and induce him to give up his prey. There are thousands of defensive displays in the animal kingdom: increase the size, plumage bulge, spread the wings, curled hair, bristling spines, baring teeth, hooves hitting, etc. In humans also we have examples in the initial rites before
going into battle, in military uniforms, in the garb of urban youth gangs, etc. whose purpose is to intimidate others.
5. CLOSE OUTS: Many animals feel panic to be locked. The feeling of being trapped, produces crazy escape reactions, which can even kill. Hope is an antidote to fear, so when the outlets are closed and the feeling of helplessness is generated, the fear becomes hopeless terror. Michael Sandel identifies two fears that define the era of anxiety in which we live: & ldquo; One is the fear that, individually or collectively, we are losing control of the forces that govern our lives. The other is the feeling that, from the family and the neighborhood to the nation, the moral fabric of the community is disintegrating around our & rdquo ;.
6. ISOLATION: In the animal world, hunters try to isolate their prey or find lonely prey. The group is the great defense. In humans it is the same, so it is easy to understand that all dictatorships nullify the exercise of the right of assembly. In studies of gender violence it shows that violent tactics is to isolate the victim, forcing her to break ties with family, negating their ability to communicate with others, thwarting the potential social supports that could help her.
7. EMOTIONS HANDLERS: Some people with special ability to manipulate the feelings of others. Intimidate gently, subtly. Flattery can become a history of shame. Others are very good at generating feelings of guilt or pity or love dangerous dependency. Every person is an affective seductive manipulator.
8. HIDDEN POWERS, taboos: The fear of ghosts, spirits from beyond, occult powers awakens ancestral fears. Any acceptance of occult powers is a mechanism of induction of fear. A history of the terrors of humanity would have to include the copious phenomenology of appearances, which is the survival of ancestral fears the dead. The struggle of the Enlightenment against superstition was also a fight against fear. Had initiated the Greek philosophers, but without much success, nor the one nor the other, as demonstrated by the survival and promoting the same in our day, through film genres, TV series, genre literature, etc. . Superstitions and taboos, like witches, are in excellent health in postmodernism.
9. REVERENTIAL FEAR: religion, majesty and honor lie in fear. The prototype is the patriarchal authority which gave rise to a structure of fear particularly complex: The awe of authority. The construct of authority is an inducer of obedience mechanism and, therefore, is a mechanism of power. To strengthen this authority it has been pursued throughout the centuries many procedures mainly protect with taboos or giving it a sacral aura.
10. USE politics of fear: If fear is one of the levers of power, political power, which is the quintessence of power, must know how to use. This has happened throughout the history of mankind and one of the greatest potential virtues of democracy is to be an efficient quencher of this mechanism. And I say & ldquo; & rdquo potential; because even the perfect democracy that prevents the manipulation of power and the use of fear on the part of political elites is not known. Politicians have used and used often fear to unify and galvanize a nation. Did Hitler, Stalin, Franco, and do Bush, Blair and Aznar. Fear and hatred are fast cements. Conspiracies, powerful enemies, real or fictitious threats bind much. There is also a known sociological law that when a society is afraid, aims to have a strong arm to save her and is willing to trade freedom for security.
Changing aspect, we see that fear is the anticipation of danger, but there is nothing that is a hazard in itself, but that all hazards are dangers-to-one. As we have seen, there are fears & ldquo; normal & rdquo; and pathological fears. In the first, there are fears dangers are obvious: The fear of death, illness, loss of a loved one, physical pain, financial ruin, are feelings of fear need no explanation. Others, however, are more complex:
1. Fear of violent scenes: There are people with a special sensitivity to stressful situations, the fights, the discussions, gestures or expressions of anger. For them, are especially aversive experiences
they produce a huge concern and that, therefore, fear. Typically, this aversion has been learned and learned fear often causes dysfunctional behavior. Often the case with children and couples who merely functional communication is established by the fear of speaking some.
2. THE FEAR OF CONFLICT: The understandable fear of violent arguments, some people can be extended to any disputes or situations which may constitute emotional conflicts, as in the case of hypochondria, decision-making, in the confrontation Novelty. People who prefer not to know before tackling something. They prefer to die before going to the doctor, or prefer to leave everything for tomorrow before making a decision, or rather appear as vague before doing anything. Fear of novelty, to change, to the unexpected, terrorizing more people than we might seem. The fears of these people are rooted in a distrust of their own ability to make correct decisions, they fear wrong. Sometimes, they fear losing serenity, tranquility, comfort. Sometimes simply they fear grow and face life as Peter Pan.
3. FEAR TO BOREDOM: The absence of stimuli can be experienced as punishment. Boredom is etymologically an aversive and can generate passion in some people an & ldquo; & rdquo thirst for experiences; or & ldquo; & rdquo strong emotions; to remove them from the state of lethargy. The compulsive search for entertainment, drugs, extreme sports, can be rituals relieve discomfort of boredom but with intentional consequences, even death. As a French satirist said: The English hang to hang.
4. The fear of loneliness: Man, whose most numerous fears come from the company, deeply fears loneliness. We can talk about emotionally dependent people who constantly need the proximity of someone, the emotional relationship with another person. They feel it is better to be alone than in bad company and for that support all kinds of humiliation, subjugation and maltreatment.
5. FEAR THE SINKING OF CULTURE: Culture is a source of security. The stability of customs, social class, beliefs, reassuring. But we are in accelerated times, arise prophets of global disaster and many people fear losing their world, their identity, their culture. The two greatest fears of humanity are death and chaos. The rise of fundamentalism and modern fundamentalism is caused by the fear of chaos.
6. FEAR take a stand: A fear of being firm to maintain their own ideas, express feelings or needs and claim rights. Refuse something to someone, claiming a debt, express a disagreement, protest to a trader. A frequent case is afraid to say & ldquo; No & rdquo; and other difficulties
saying & ldquo; & rdquo ;, bye to end a relationship. These fears to assert or impose or defend one's rights, can have three causes: 1) Fear of response from the other person. 2) The fear of not knowing what
responding to the other's response. 3) The fear of letting the other person.
7. THE TERRIBLE SHAME: It's a terrible feeling, which affects the deeper layers of the Self, which scrapped the mood. One can literally die of shame. The shame stems from the need to protect our social self, that is, the image we give to others, through which we aim to achieve recognition and acceptance. Often, shame encourages concealment, secrecy and lies. When we imagine a certain event and feel ashamed, we do not mean a real shame, but anticipated. It is a feeling & ldquo; a priori & rdquo; which prevents us from making decisions, as well as guilt is a feeling & ldquo; & rdquo post; that we feel after we wrong.
Let's see pathological fears. A normal fear becomes pathological when its trigger does not justify the intensity of feeling, occurs too often, it stays for a long time, and decreases the ability of the person to live and cope with the situation. It should be noted that a person suffering from a pathological fear is not insane or crazy or mentally deficient. Psychiatry usually study and treat pathological six types of fears:
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Anxiety is a fear without object. It is a permanent anxiety about a vague threat. The whole reality becomes significant threat. The nature of the matrix
anguish inevitably associated with other mood disorder such as depression, phobias, disorders related to substance abuse, problems related to body image as
anorexia and bulimia, or with somatic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or headaches. In the genesis of anxiety
the influence of a vulnerable temperament, negative affect, neuroticism, ie, biological components favoring the propensity to interpret neutral signals is recognized as hazardous. Hence a state of permanent alert stems, attention narrows, dysfunctional beliefs, catastrophic ideas and often an exacerbation of the sense of responsibility and guilt appear.
The trouble starts avoidance programs but cognitive nature: Think much but acts little. Chews its cud like a cow fears the grass but the difference is that anxiety never digested his concerns but that regurgitated over and over again. One of the characteristics is anxious thoughts that lead nowhere but move in a circle. It produces anguish and worry endlessly when no reasons are found. It is an encapsulated absolutely invulnerable routine reasoning. There are beliefs that favor the distressing thought exacerbated responsibility, perfectionism, the belief in one's own powerlessness, a belief in the uncontrollability and unpredictability of events.
2. The anguish of sense: it is an experience of the absurd, of finitude and insignificance. Existentialist philosophy put the fear of the absurd in the spotlight of popularity. They talk about the search for meaning in life and, therefore, is an anxiety that perhaps we should listen instead of trying to eliminate it. The great spiritual teachers are in this boost their basic concern.
3. The panic and fear to panic: This is the most violent fear, which makes the victim feel that you are about to die or go mad. It is an abrupt outbreak of anxiety or panic attacks. In the panic, the subject experiences a great fear, so unpleasant that, from the first attack, his biggest fear is having an attack of fear. The central mechanism of panic is the interpretation by the subject of bodily sensations. Panic may be considered a & ldquo; & rdquo phobia; triggered by bodily manifestations.
4. Specific phobias: They are related to the possible danger or a feeling of disgust, an aversive feeling that is not strictly afraid because I experienced the phobic stimulus but not really dangerous. The more severe the agoraphobia (fear of open spaces and meeting people), followed by claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces, elevators, airplanes, theaters) Animals provide a number of cases. The triggers of these phobias are so numerous that they could write an encyclopedia detallándolos.
5. Hypochondria: Normal health concern may be excessive and become exaggerated attention to the body, which is subjected to a continuous screening using magnifying lenses catastrophic prepared for symptoms. Hypochondria is related to other psychological disorders especially anxiety and depression and a heightened ability to perceive problems. The hypochondriac feels a passion organized around the body, your pain, an apparent delight in displaying their suffering and the thoroughness with which recites his symptoms. Therefore, psychoanalysis links it to narcissism.
6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: The presence of intrusive thoughts is given in distress and all his family. But obsessive become the core of the problem. They are thoughts, feelings and recurring images that hijack attention. The victim is in a paradoxical situation, because he knows that those ideas come from him, but does not consider theirs. In addition, these recurring thoughts accompanied
compulsions, that is, repetitive behaviors, strictly regulated, you have to perform if you want freedom from anxiety. These rituals do not usually have nothing to do with the original concern. This produces an escalation of anxiety produced by thoughts that you have no control of himself, can hurt other people, fear of dirt, disease, accidents, fire, theft, throwing valuables who spend all their time performing rituals to combat it: cleansing rituals, repetition, checking, accumulation.
7. PTSD: The last category is usually included in disorders of fear. This is the case where the external ingredients precedence over domestic. The subject has an extraordinarily painful or disturbing experience, as soldiers exposed to combat child abuse, battered women raped or victims of criminal violence or terrorism. The characteristic of this disorder is that the victim re-experiences the past events and is subject to a hyperactivation of all its behavior and psychological processes of avoidance or numbing. Retrospective lives in permanent fear.
8. SOCIAL PHOBIA: Of all the fears, undoubtedly the most common is the fear of our neighbors.
We are social beings and took the other within us, as a component of our being. In the employed or looking ahead to his imaginary all manifestations of an anxiety attack can occur. Shyness is a trait of character. It is defined by a marked tendency to avoid social contact with strangers, avoid the initiative in the social field remain silent in meetings, feel difficulty to look into his eyes and a big shame in talking about emotions.
We are talking about a type of social anxiety that makes the lives of people and condemns them to live in solitude and retreat. Only when it reaches unbearable degrees of distress and disabling it when we entered the pathology and talk about & ldquo; & rdquo social phobia; . Specialists usually distinguish two kinds of shyness: Fearful shyness novelty of social situations and the interference of others in one's life, self-conscious and shy when the subject becomes in focus and fears being poorly evaluated. The difference between being just shy and have social phobia is that the former are not resigned to his shyness and make decisions to reduce or combat. So there are many prominent in professions with high public who confess shy people. The latter however, shyness can invalidate them and to lead a normal life. What characterizes social phobia is the intensity of the emotions it arouses. The proximity of the feared situation can cause real panic.
NINE TIPS TO FACE FEARS:
1. Distinguish fears friend from foe fears: Friends warn you of the danger to get rid of it, not to deliver on your hands.
2. You are not your fear: One of the most insidious wiles used by the fear that we are with him and we are ashamed. This condemns us to silence, secrecy and prevents us from seeking help. Fears are something we support as any disease. You have to ask respect for your fears as your other ailments.
3. You must declare war on fear enemies who have invaded your privacy: We must take an active stance. You have to maintain the emphasis on action as is characteristic of the behavioral approach to clinical problems.
4. You need to know your enemy and his allies must know the strategies of fear, the circumstances in which prefers to attack, not to mention that is a transactional phenomenon arising from the interaction between a subjective factor & ndash; you- and a factor goal & ndash; your circumstance-the enemy is, therefore, outside and within. Within you are the false beliefs that feed it, the fear of effort and intoxication of comfort. How many things have given plenipotentiary powers over your life, that is, how little things have become indispensable ?!
5. You can not collaborate with the enemy: Fear is invasive and tends to corrupt the overrun. You can grab the whole consciousness of the subject, alter their relationships. It is therefore necessary to isolate yourself in your mental dynamism. Do not try to justify it.
6. You need to strengthen you: The solution to combat fear is to reduce the risk or increase the personal resources. First, you have to prepare your body for battle. Fear emerge biology, but is not reduced to it. This demonstrated that physical exercise is an antidote to anxiety. It increases exercise tolerance.
7. Háblate as if you were your coach: The way we talk to ourselves and the influence it has on our mood intimate with the Other allows us not to talk or access to the sources of our energy. The coaches are well aware that the athlete should be encouraged to yourself before you leap.
8. weakens your enemy criticizes the beliefs on which it is based. Unmasks his plays bluff. Mock him. Develop a sense of humor to turn it off. Take advantage of everything you know to hurt. And you know two things, however: First, that techniques to discredit the dangerous stimulus are imaginary or actual desensitization. Gradually exposed live or image. Second, that erroneous beliefs are the Trojan horse that uses fear to enter into you. We must identify those beliefs, criticize, discuss, and corner them, when they are sufficiently weakened, giving them a kick in the ass and replace them with suitable living beliefs.
9. Look good allies fear is difficult to fight alone. And if fear is pathological, impossible. Seek advice and help from competent people. If you have such luck, looking for anyone who can give you encouragement when you're discouraged. The emotional support networks are the best solution to many of our problems, including fear.
APPEARS bravery:
Above all, we must distinguish between being afraid and being a coward, because they are phenomena that belong to different levels. Fear is an emotion, cowardice is a behavior. And we can only identify them if we say that between emotion and action there is no middleman, if we accept that desire inevitably leads to the act, that is, if we deny freedom.
Speaking of courage we moved into a different level of psychological, as well as to speak of mathematics. The picture is as follows: The human being is afraid and psychologically responds to fear with very close mechanisms that use animals: escape, attack, immobility and submission. Biologically, fear no problem. But humans we are not comfortable in these very contrasted routines. The human being wants to live above fear. He knows he can not eliminate it without falling into madness or insensitivity, but wants to act in spite of it.
Here our paradoxical nature is revealed: we can not live without our feelings guide us, but we will not live at the mercy of our feelings. To resolve this contradiction, intelligence has, in addition to consultations psi invented moral lifestyles, those who did not come without feelings, but regulated by feelings of creative intelligence, one of whose inventions is ethics. Courage, then, moves in the field of creative intelligence that aims to overcome our animal nature, to dance on our own shoulders. Ours is to aspire to a life that before exist in reality, exists only in our minds.
Through history, the courage has been invented in different ways, giving different meanings: First it was attributed to the behavior of the warrior in battle, then, it was considered that not only happens in war, but in all situations we face the hard, be a danger, adversity or difficult that requires effort. It not brave who faces if further obstacle but which faces animated by reason looking good.
The value has two components: attack and resist. The virtue is practiced is to act courageously strength. At first, well what made the brave, brave now who does good. An act of courage not if it is not done with integrity, strength and loyalty. Courage is the act of undertaking higher things, accompanied by the determination to pursue them and finish them. We have clearly entered the realm of creative activity. Courage is the virtue of the start, while Fidelity is the virtue of below. But this permanence must be founded on a continuous act of courage, loyalty can be defined as an enduring courage.
The lexicon of courage and cowardice is very rich and very precise, and carefully separates the true and false faces of courage. The unmasking of the false angers gives the following results:
1. One thing is the value and another to have no fear: You can not call courageous who is not afraid. The fearless, who does not perceive the danger, is a madman or insensible. Psychopathic personalities rarely feel fear. The value is the science of what to fear and what not to fear. The peculiarity of courage is to overcome a difficulty. Only brave looking face to face danger, fear, but without flinching.
2. One thing is the courage and bravery another: There are quarrelsome, violent, aggressive people, who enjoy fighting, but are not valiant. The thrill seekers do not have to be brave but foolhardy. For Aristotle, courage is the golden mean between cowardice and recklessness.
3. One thing is value and a fury: fury (anger) is an emotion that drives against something that hinders our way and may become aggressive. But both remain at the level of passions, do not reach the level of courage. It would be a contradiction to say that all violence is brave.
4. Courage is not submission to a greater fear: Who in the war attack because it fears a punishment for treason or dishonor or shame, not a brave, because it remains under the reign of fear. The same goes for religious acts heroically for fear of eternal fire. Or rushing action for fear of what people say.
5. It is not bravery drunkenness: it is not facing the danger inflamed by alcohol or other drugs, because courage requires lucidity.
Taking advantage of all this, I will propose a very simple definition of value: Brave is he whom the difficulty or effort not prevent you undertake something right or valuable, or do you leave midway purpose. Thus it acts despite the difficulties and guiding action for justice, which is the ultimate criterion of courage.
The pairing of freedom with courage, their similarities are not accidental. Courage is freedom in action. Where there is an act of freedom, there is an act of courage. But we must distinguish between natural and ethical freedom and courage. Natural are those arising from the emotional confrontation to adversity while ethical concern
behaviors directed to the good, to justice. To speak of freedom, then, we are talking about a project
lit by human intelligence, built step by step, like a tenacious training, which has been a joint and slow creation of mankind. Individual freedom is a social creation. Only from outside has taught us to turn our desires above our behavior, which is the only natural direction system with which we are born. Freedom is liberation from what enslaves us the courage and allows freedom to act. That is why the virtue of beginning.
The essence of courage is the essence of free behavior. We share with animals the basic emotions, but the creative intelligence introduces a radical change in our emotional life, because it allows us to direct action by experienced values and designed values. Lived values are those given in an emotional experience,
which I find myself involved, affecting my life goals. The desirable value of a stock is perceived in the desire and the pleasure is confirmed, friendly value is experienced in love, provided obstacle exists in impotence or anger, danger lives in fear. They are natural insights of value that will automatically activate the mechanisms of action. Designed values are produced by intelligence.
Fear drives us to follow their dictates, Courage makes us submit to a trial that feeling of intelligence and whether any fundamental value is at risk, decides to act in spite of fear and against fear. Courage is thus an ethical act and not merely a psychological mechanism. Courage enables us to undertake and maintain large company to dignify our nature. We are cowards beings who aspire to be brave and that's really about ethics education, to prepare for the right courage. Courage is the virtue takeoff, because we spend Orb nature, subject to the rules of force, the orb of dignity, which is done and that should be governed by the regime of dignity. Courage is the virtue of fidelity to the project because it allows us to persevere
in spite of everything. To fulfill these functions, I transfigure my natural powers ethical powers, the fierceness in value, the selfish reason shared reason.
& ldquo; At this point in my life, I've become an expert on fear. I've lived, I've studied and I dreamed of courage as others dream of power, wealth or health. Of all the human emotions & ndash bitter heart, and they are many great family of anxiety, shyness, anxiety, terror, vulnerability, it is what has worried me, and experience tells me that it is not rarity of mine & rdquo;
(José Antonio Marina, & ldquo; & rdquo fear anatomy;, Ed Anagram, Barcelona, 2006.)
Source: www.lazoblanco.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08manual/bibliog/material_masculinidades_0078.pdf
^^ It's in Spanish.